Computer Science

A constant one-way light speed is essential for the Theory of Relativity. This detailed study examines two postulates of Special Relativity and concludes that the claim of “constant one-way speed of light” contradicts itself. The equations of Special Relativity are foundations of many physics theories. The findings on controversial Relativity postulates shake the foundation of these theories. Fortunately, equations similar to Special Relativity equations can be derived, assuming that two-way light speed is constant, without the use of Special Relativity Postulates. These new equations provide a better foundation that is compatible with the correct existing physics theories. There is no threat of invalidating all existing physics theories, only incorrect ones. Instead, we can take a new look at some fundamental questions shared among physicists.

The paper "SR Equations without Constant One-Way Speed of Light" [1] brings us a century back by discussing contradictory Relativity postulates. Instead of dealing with the aether theory, this paper proposes the Unified Field Theory (UFT) that replaces both the Theory of Relativity and Theory of Aether. In this new theory, the universe exists in form of Torque Grids in which Space, Time and Energy are unified. The ideal Torque Grids have same size and String movement cycle is the same as the Grid size in all directions. When Torque Grids have different sizes, the Torque Grids have size distortions. When Torque String movement speeds are different between two opposite directions, the Torque Grids have charge distortion. Both size and charge distortion can be measured by energy. The charge distortion can be measured by electronic charge in addition to the energy. The Gravity interactions and Strong interactions are related to Torque Grids' size distortions. The electron-magnetic interactions and weak interactions are related to charge distortions. The Unified Field Theory derives the Planck equation and Newton's gravity equation and explains why the electron is stable. The electron has a single Torque Grid distortion on its shell and is in resonance with its wavelength. Therefore, electron is stable and electronic field is formed. Strong force and weak force are result of two additional main resonance wave forms on the shell of the electron. Finally, the paper unifies the four fundamental fields.

We propose a new model of the interaction between photons and electrons. During this interaction, the photon's direction of movement does not change while new two photons will be created when an electron's speed is less than 0.7071c, the photon will lose energy; when an electron's speed is more than 0.7071c, the photon will gain energy while the electron loses energy. Three physical experiments are proposed. In the first experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.6c and a red-shift is expected to occur. In the second experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.8c and a blue-shift is expected to occur. In the third experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.7071c. The theory predicts that there won't be a photon wavelength change.

An experiment is proposed, consisting of a Java UDP program that performs simple tests using two different servers connect by the internet. These tests can be repeated using the source code provided in the paper. The test results conclude that the two clocks, in different geographical locations, are drifting throughout the twenty four hour day.

The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of known subatomic particles. The current formulation was finalized based on the existence of quarks. Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is sometimes regarded as a "theory of almost everything". Mathematically, the standard model is a quantized Yang-Mills theory. Therefore, the Standard Model falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental fields. It neither explains force hierarchy nor predicts the structure of the universe. Fortunately, Unified Field Theory (UFT) explains fundamental forces and structures of sub-atomic particles and grand universe. One of the important applications of the Unified Field Theory is that the mass of each sub-atomic particle has a formula. These formulas are structural formulas which can calculate mass of the particles. The mass of a particle decides its structure and characteristics.

Everything from the smallest particle to the grand universe is constructed by Torque Grids. The grand structure of the universe is made up of infinite hierarchical Torque Grids; this theory falsifies Big Bang Theory (BBT) and Black Hole Theory. A Torque Grid is 10 -25 times smaller than an atom, and our universal Torque Grid size is 4.98 * 10 26 m. The Universe is timeless. The configuration of Spiral Arm Galaxy can also be explained by Unified Field Theory. 163 moving speeds, and distribution of the galaxies. It concludes that the universe has large-scale homogeneity.

Even though all isotopes for each element are well studied, the structures of their nuclei are still unknown. This paper examines the topology and stability of ground state isotopes of major elements. According to Unified Field Theory (UFT), a proton has the shape of an octahedron. The nuclei result from protons and neutrons piling up. Since the strong forces are along the axes of the octahedron of protons and neutron, the structure of ground state isotopes of any given element can be logically induced. Only two of three axes of the octahedron nucleus have strong interactive forces internally. The structure starts with one or two base squares and accumulates smaller squares along the axis of the base squares in both directions. The possible proton base structures are square shaped. For example, the Technetium nucleus has one proton too many to be symmetrical. Therefore, no stable isotopes of Technetium can be found.

The paper "Unified field theory" (UFT) opened a new chapter of physics. The main model of UFT is Torque Grids that unify Space, Time, Energy and Force. The configuration of invisible particles and structure of the grand universe can be logically induced. Visually, the universe can be modeled as single Torque Grids’ hierarchy. A simple UDP Java program can be used to prove the space-time-energy-force relationship predicted by the unified field theory and explain why the continents are drifting. One of the applications of UFT is to predict the nuclei topologies of each element.  Physics, "knowledge of nature", is defined as a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. UFT gives a better definition of Physics: “A natural science that involves the study of motion of space-time-energy-force to explain/predict the motion, interaction and configuration of matter.”

The paper "Unified Field Theory and the Configuration of Particles" opened a new chapter of physics. One of the
predictions of the paper is that a proton has an octahedron shape. As Physics progresses, it focuses more on invisible particles and
the unreachable grand universe as visible matter is studied theoretically and experimentally. The shape of invisible proton has great impact on the topology of atom. Electron orbits, electron binding energy, Madelung Rules, and Zeeman splitting, are associated with proton’s octahedron shape and three nuclear structural axes. An element will be chemically stable if the outmost s and p clouds have eight electrons which make atom a symmetrical cubic.

A nucleus has a lattice configuration, a mass, and a half-life. There are many nuclear theories: BCS formalism focuses on Neutron-proton (np) pairing; AB initio calculation uses NCFC model; SEMF uses water drop model. However, the accepted theories give neither précised lattices of lower mass nuclei, nor an accurate calculation of nuclear mass. This paper uses the results of the latest Unified Field Theory (UFT) to derive a lattice configuration for each isotope. We found that a simplified BCS formalism can be used to calculate energies of the predicted lattice structure. Furthermore, mass calculation results and NMR data can be used to determine the right lattice structure. Our results demonstrate the inseparable relationship among nuclear lattices, mass, and stability. We anticipate that our essay will provide a new method that can predict the lattice of each isotope without the use of advanced mathematics. For example, the lattice of an unknown nucleus can be predicted using trial and error. The mass of the nuclear lattice can be calculated. If the calculation result matches the experimental data and NMR pattern supports the lattice as well, then the predicted nuclear lattice configuration is valid.

This paper uses the results of the latest Unified Field Theory (UFT) and the experimental results of the recent experiments of gravitational wave to study the configuration of a black hole. We conclude that a black hole has no singularity state. Instead, particles in a black hole form a stable system. Topologically, octahedron particles form sphere with two poles. A black hole always releases energy at the poles. If a black hole has an accretion disk, the particles from disk will wrap around the black hole, twist upwards, accelerated by outgoing black hole energy at the poles, and ejected out at the top of a pole to form a black hole jet. The predictions made in the paper provide valuable insight regarding the inner workings of the black hole. We hope that our work can help future studies regarding gravitational waves, black hole, and dark energy.